SINGAPORE: The Singapore Prison Service (SPS) and Attorney-General’s Chambers (AGC) had acted unlawfully by disclosing and requesting prisoners’ lettersjilibet, the Court of Appeal ruled on Friday (Oct 11).
The court also found that SPS and AGC had breached prisoners' confidentiality by disclosing and retaining their letters, according to the judgment read by Senior Judge Judith Prakash.
Thirteen former and current prisoners on death row had filed a civil case against the Attorney-General (AG) over the forwarding of personal letters, including letters to family, their lawyers and the president.
The basis of the complaint was that SPS and AGC had breached their right to confidentiality and that they were entitled to damages. They also sought the court to declare that the AG had acted unlawfully and beyond its legal powers.
A lower court in July 2022 dismissed most of their claims, but granted “nominal damages” of S$10 (US$7.70) to three prisoners for breach of confidentiality.
The 13 prisoners appealed against the entirety of the judge’s decision, believing they were entitled to “much more in the way of private law remedies”.
The prisoners are: Syed Suhail Syed Zin, Gobi Avedian, Datchinamurthy Kataiah, Hamzah Ibrahim, Iskandar Rahmat, Saminathan Selvaraju, Rosman Abdullah, Roslan Bakar, Masoud Rahimi Mehrzad, Zamri Mohd Tahir, Pannir Selvam Pranthaman, Tan Kay Yong and Ramdhan Lajis.
HOW THE CASE CAME TO BEComplaints about the way prison authorities handled prisoners’ correspondence were first made by prisoner Datchinamurthy.
He alleged that in April 2020, SPS forwarded copies of documents that his family had passed to him in prison to the AGC. The prison service did not dispute these allegations.
It emerged that AGC had requested information from SPS on a different occasion about whether another prisoner, Gobi, and Datchinamurthy had forwarded a minute sheet - a written record of a meeting - to their families.
In response, and without a specific request from the AGC for these documents, the SPS forwarded copies of the two prisoners’ letters to their families to the AGC.
In a case involving only Gobi and Datchinamurthy, the court ruled that although SPS was authorised to make copies of their correspondence, this did not extend to permitting the prison service to forward copies of such correspondence to the AGC.
Datchinamurthy, Gobi and eight others then started a case against the AG for more information about the passing of correspondence to the AGC by the prison service.
AGC made a voluntary disclosure of all correspondence that it had received from SPS. This turned out to be correspondence involving the 13 prisoners.
It led to the initiation of a civil suit from the 13 prisoners.
THE LETTERSThe correspondence – 68 documents in total – by the prisoners falls into several categories.
The first is correspondence with various public or governmental agencies, such as letters to the Supreme Court registry, the Singapore Police Force and the President of Singapore.
It also included correspondence with other organisations, such as the Law Society of Singapore and the Malaysian High Commission.
Among the correspondence also given to AGC by SPS were letters between the prisoners and their lawyers, as well as letters from a prisoner, Suhail, to his uncle.
As part of the original suit, the prisoners sought seven things.
A declaration that the AG acted outside its powers and unlawfully in requesting the disclosure of personal correspondence or information of Suhail, Datchinamurthy and Roslan without their consent. A declaration that the AG acted outside its powers and unlawfully when SPS disclosed the correspondence of 13 prisoners without their consent, even though there was no request from AGC. A declaration that the AG committed a breach of confidence by disclosing and retaining confidential correspondence of Suhail, Datchinamurthy, Hamzah, Iskandar, Masoud Rahimi and Pannir Selvam. For damages to be assessed for the 13 prisoners for a breach of confidence. A declaration that the AG had infringed the copyright of Datchinamurthy, Iskandar and Rosman in their personal correspondence by reproducing and retaining that correspondence. For damages to be paid by the AG for infringement of the copyright of those three prisoners. An order for further relief as the court deems fit.The lower court had dismissed claims one to five, but ordered nominal damages of S$10 to the three prisoners who had claimed for infringement of copyright.
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Court of Appeal orders further arguments in case of drug trafficker on death row, execution on hold SOME DISCLOSURES NOT IN LINE WITH USUAL PRACTICEThe court was told that the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and SPS typically scheduled executions of prisoners when no relevant proceedings were pending that would require postponement.
As part of this process, they regularly shared documents with the AGC, seeking advice on any legal matters that might affect the execution timeline.
As SPS and MHA officers handling such matters are not legally trained, if they came across any document that appeared to be legal in nature, they would send it to AGC for advice.
“This approach was adopted out of an abundance of caution,” Deputy Attorney-General Tai Wei Shyong had said in his affidavit.
The court noted that almost all disclosures were explainable by this practice, as the documents concerned proceedings arising from the prisoners’ convictions and sentences, or the dismissal of appeals.
These included complaints against lawyers, requests for legal assistance or clemency applications to the president.
But there were some instances of disclosure that were not in line with this practice. They included a letter from Roslan to the state courts, a letter from Gobi and Datchinamurthy to the police, two letters from the police to Datchinamurthy and a letter from Saminathan to the police.
There were also three letters from Datchinamurthy to his former lawyer.
The disclosure of this correspondence arose from MHA or SPS wanting to obtain AGC’s advice on how to respond to the requests made by the prisoners, the court heard.
But “one more significant disclosure” fell outside this practice – Suhail’s letters to his uncle in March and May 2017.
In an earlier case involving Suhail, AGC told the court that it had his letters. Shortly after, it was disclosed that the AGC had asked for and received Suhail's letters to his uncle.
It said then that it did not use this correspondence or gain any advantage in legal proceedings against Suhail.
But the prosecutors involved in Suhail's criminal appeal had seen these letters.
“It became clear to us that Suhail’s correspondence had not only been requested by the AGC, but also used by the prosecution in (his criminal review) in so far as, in its submissions, it had noted the fact that Suhail had sent letters to his uncle,” said Justice Prakash.
“This seemed at odds with the (AG’s) previous representation … that Suhail’s correspondence had not been used in any legal proceedings.”
The Court of Appeal said the handling of Suhail’s correspondence “does give rise to some concern”.
However, it highlighted that the effect that the disclosure could have had on criminal proceedings in Suhail’s criminal review and other cases were not concerns arising directly in this appeal. It was instead focused on the private law remedies for the appellants.
COURT’S FINDINGSThe court – which includes Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon and Justice Steven Chong – ruled it was unlawful for SPS to have passed copies of the prisoners’ correspondence to the AGC, and also unlawful for AGC to receive or ask for the same.
There was no legal basis for SPS to disclose the personal correspondence of prisoners.
While there is a regulation that permits prison officers to read and copy correspondence from and to prisoners, this is limited and does not allow SPS to copy letters between lawyers and their clients.
The prison service is also not allowed to share such correspondence with anyone, including the AGC.
However, the court recognised that in some instances, the prison service might need to disclose the contents of prisoners’ letters to relevant authorities. This is so as to obtain legal or other advice.
In such cases, SPS would “at the least” have to make it clear to the AGC that the disclosure was only for the purpose of obtaining “some particular and urgent advice and identify the issue requiring advice”, said Justice Prakash.
The AGC must have systems in place to maintain the confidentiality of any documents received for such purpose, and they should only be disclosed to officers tasked with providing the necessary advice to the SPS.
This “limited exemption” would not permit AGC to, of its own volition, ask for prisoners’ correspondence to be disclosed.
The court noted that there were no processes adopted by AGC to maintain the confidentiality of the documents that were disclosed by SPS or to ensure they were not seen by the officers who dealt with the prisoners’ prosecution.
The court said that despite steps taken by AGC and SPS to remedy the situation, a “declaration of the unlawfulness of the practice would be of value to prisoners and the public”.
Regarding the breach of confidence, some letters to judges and the police had no expectation of confidentiality, the court ruled. These included four clemency petitions to the court and one more such petition to the president.
The prisoners who wrote the letters could not have expected these letters to be kept away from the prosecution, the court said.
But some other letters – including those to their lawyers, the Law Society about complaints against lawyers and requests for help, as well as to family – had an “expectation of confidentiality”.
The court ruled the AG had breached 11 prisoners' confidentiality.
On whether the prisoners’ convictions or sentences were affected by the disclosure of their letters, these were matters for criminal review proceedings, rather than the civil appeal, said the court.
It rejected the prisoners' claim for damages, adding that there were no local decisions awarding punitive damages for a breach of confidence. The prisoners also did not provide any legal basis for such a claim.
The apex court also ruled that the lower court “did not err” in ordering the S$10 nominal damages for three prisoners and that no declaration of infringement of copyright needed to be granted.
“It would be obvious from the award of nominal damages itself that there had been a technical infringement of copyrightjilibet, making any declaration superfluous,” said Justice Prakash.